As co-enzymes, the B vitamins are essential components in most major metabolic reactions. They play an important role in energy production, including the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. B vitamins are also important for blood cells, hormones, and nervous system function. As water- soluble substances, B vitamins are not generally stored in the body in any appreciable amounts (with the exception of vitamin B-12). Therefore, the body needs an adequate supply of B vitamins on a daily basis. Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) is converted quickly into thiamin pyrophosphate, which is required for glycolytic and Krebs cycle reactions. Thiamin also appears to be related to nerve impulse transmission. Vitamin B-3 is a component of the coenzymes NAD and NADP, which are involved in energy production, as well as biosynthetic processes. Pantothenic acid (available in the form of Calcium Pantothenate) is also a coenzyme essential for energy production from dietary fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. It is a component of coenzyme A and of phosphopantetheine, and is therefore essential for Krebs cycle operation. Complexed with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main carrier of metabolic energy in the body, magnesium is essential for all biosynthetic processes: glycolysis, formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), energy-dependent membrane transport, transmission of genetic code for protein synthesis, and muscle function. Magnesium is also involved in maintaining normal heart function and blood pressure. Valerian root has been used since antiquity to relieve emotional stress associated with fear or anger. As a non-narcotic herbal sedative, valerian root extract can act as an effective anxiolytic food supplement that promotes restful sleep. As a muscle relaxant, valerian root may be helpful in relieving the dysfunction that contributes to neck and shoulder tension, muscle spasms, and menstrual pain. Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) has also been used for many years as a natural tranquilizer. Central American natives used it to soothe overactive nerves, as a treatment for insomnia and hysteria. Some suggest its use for a variety of conditions, including insomnia, normal menstrual function and muscle spasms.